杜仲杂种优良无性系抗旱性间接评价

以7个杜仲无性系22-22、2-23、4-30、17-17、2-32、6-30、5-152和2个对照品种（无性系）秦仲2号（Qinzhong No.2）、龙拐（Longguai）为对象，以其2年生嫁接苗成熟叶片为材料，采用常规石蜡切片法研究叶片解剖结构、扫描电镜技术观察气孔结构和压力室技术测定水分生理指标，用主成分分析法筛选主要指标，用隶属函数法对各无性系抗旱性进行对比分析。结果表明，共筛选出栅栏组织厚度、原初渗透势、气孔开度、厚角组织厚度4项主要指标，12项解剖结构参数、5项水分生理指数和5项气孔参数，均在无性系间差异显著，无性系抗旱性排序为:6-30>4-30>龙拐>秦仲2号>17-17>5-152>22-22>2-23>2-32。研究结果可对进一步筛选杜仲优良无性系提供参考依据。     

稀土微肥氯化镨调控马铃薯生长发育及抗旱的生理机制

为提高马铃薯抗旱性，选择增施适量的稀土微肥氯化镨水溶液，旨在探究氯化镨增强马铃薯抗旱性的生理机制。本试验以马铃薯品种“大西洋”为材料，以土壤质量含水量的32%~35%（Water-CK）、23%~25%（Water-1）和15%~18%（Water-2）为3个水分梯度，分别浇灌0、30、60、90、120 mg·L^-1和150 mg·L^-1 PrCl₃水溶液，测定了苗期叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、抗氧化酶活性等生理生化指标及成熟期株高、茎粗等生长指标。结果表明：随土壤质量含水量的减少，马铃薯幼苗叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸、MDA含量、相对电导率及SOD、POD和CAT活性显著上升，Water-2处理下，上述各指标较Water-CK分别升高了33.81%、101.12%、136.28%、46.11%、145.37%、59.84%和63.13%；马铃薯成熟期株高、茎粗、地上及地下部分干重、地上分枝数、单株薯重显著降低，Water-2处理下，上述各指标较Water-CK分别降低了3.91%、12.36%、30.17%、38.05%、30.00%和36.40%。在Water-2处理下，当PrCl₃浓度为90 mg·L^-1时，马铃薯叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量分别较未增施PrCl₃水溶液提高了162.35%、59.59%、154.45%，MDA 含量、O^{—[KG-1][JX*3]·[JX-*3]}₂产生速率及相对电导率分别降低了67.70%、25.29%、37.70%，抗氧化酶（SOD,POD,CAT）活性提高了38.35%、28.08%、66.00%，成熟期马铃薯株高、茎粗、地上及地下部分干重、地上分枝数、单株薯重分别增加了67.87%、21.68%、32.81%、49.05%、187.50%和63.91%。干旱胁迫下增施适量稀土微肥氯化镨可提高幼苗植株细胞内渗透调节物质含量，增强抗氧化酶活性，减少自由基的积累，缓解干旱胁迫对幼苗生长发育造成的损伤，提高植株生产力，增强抗旱性。     

Drought responses of above‐ground and below‐ground characteristics in warm‐season turfgrass

Water shortages have become more chronic as periodic droughts prolong and water demand for urban and agricultural use increases. Plant drought responses involve coordinated mechanisms in both above‐ and below‐ground systems, yet most studies lack comparisons of root and canopy responses under water scarcity and recovery. This is particularly true of research focused on warm‐season turfgrasses in sandy soils with extremely low water holding capacity. To address the lack of examination of coordinated stress and recovery responses, this study compared the above‐ and below‐ground plant responses during a dry‐down period of 21 days and recovery among four warm‐season turfgrass species in the field. Canopy drought responses and recovery were quantified using digital image analysis. In situ root images were captured using a minirhizotron camera system. Common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] endured the entire drought period without losing 50% green cover while other species lost 50% green cover in 11–34 days predicted from the regression. The interspecific differences in drought resistance were mainly due to root characteristics. Other drought mechanisms appear to be responsible for differences identified in drought resistance between “Zeon” and “Taccoa Green” manilagrass [Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.]. Recovery was delayed for up to 2 weeks in the second year, warranting further evaluation for turfgrass persistence under long‐term drought. Three‐week drought posed no threat to the survival of zoysiagrass. Species and genotypic variations were found in achieving full post‐recovery, which can be used to develop water conservation strategies and to adjust consumer expectations.     

Drought and heat stress reduce yield and alter carbon rhizodeposition of different wheat genotypes

Drought and high temperature are major environmental stress factors threatening wheat production during grain filling stage resulting in substantial yield losses. Four wheat genotypes (Suntop, IAW2013, Scout and 249) were planted under two temperature levels (25 and 30°C) and two water levels (15% and 25% soil moisture content). Wheat yield, leaf δ¹³C, plant rhizodeposition, shoot biomass and root traits were examined. Low moisture (drought stress) and high temperature (heat stress) decreased the grain yield of all wheat genotypes, in particular 249, while combined drought and temperature stresses had the most pronounced negative effect on plant biomass and grain yield. Decreasing soil water availability decreased the allocation of plant‐derived C to soil organic carbon (SOC) and to microbial biomass through rhizodeposition. Leaf δ¹³C decreased with increased yield, suggesting that higher yielding genotypes were less water stressed and allocated less C to SOC and microbial biomass through rhizodeposition. Wheat genotypes with lower root/shoot ratios and thinner roots were more efficient at assimilating C to the grain, while genotypes with higher root/shoot ratios and thicker roots allocated more C belowground through rhizodeposition at the expense of producing higher yield. Therefore, improving these traits for enhanced C allocation to wheat grain under variable environmental conditions needs to be considered.     

Agronomic performance of winter wheat grown under highly divergent soil moisture conditions in rainfed and water‐managed environments

Even in the temperate climates of Europe, increasing early season drought and rising air temperature are presenting new challenges to farmers and wheat breeders. Sixteen winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes consisting of three hybrids, six line cultivars and two breeding lines from Germany as well as five line cultivars from France, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary and the Ukraine (referred to as “exotic” lines) have been included in this study. The genetic materials were evaluated over three growing seasons under a range of soil moisture regimes at the three North German sites Braunschweig (irrigated and drought‐stressed), Warmse (rainfed) and Söllingen (rainfed). The average grain yields in the twelve growth environments (water regime × season combinations) ranged from 6.1 to 13.5 t ha^?1. The exotic lines showed little evidence of specific phenological adaptation to drought although they are frequently faced with water scarcity in their countries of origin. The hybrids and German lines exhibited higher regression coefficients (b_i) to environmental means than the exotic lines, indicating particular adaptation to favourable growing conditions. The phenotypical correlations of grain yield between the various environments were high, ranging for instance from 0.6 to 0.8 for the irrigated and drought‐stressed environments at Braunschweig. It is thus expected that in the foreseeable future continued selection aiming at high yield potential will suffice as a means to counter the expected increase in droughts.     

Diversity in daytime and night‐time transpiration dynamics in barley indicates adaptation to drought regimes across the Middle‐East

A challenge to breeding drought‐tolerant barley in the Middle‐East is that precipitation and evaporative demand patterns dictate opposite water use strategies (conservative vs. risk‐taking). To characterize these strategies, we examined high‐resolution, whole‐plant transpiration rate (TR) responses to increasing vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and nocturnal TR (TR_N) dynamics among 25 local barley genotypes, using a novel phenotyping system. These traits were specifically selected because they exist under modalities enabling the expression of both strategies. The genotypes were selected from locations spread across a large aridity gradient represented by temperature and precipitation data spanning 30 years. Here, we uncovered a substantial diversity in TR responses to VPD where slopes of the linear responses correlated negatively with local maximal temperatures, pointing to opposite drought tolerance strategies. Low canopy conductance (low slopes) was associated with higher aridity, likely to enable water‐saving, while higher conductance was associated with wetter areas, likely to enable a more aggressive water use to maximize physiological activity. TR_N was highly diverse and represented up to 15% of maximal daytime TR, pointing to the possibility of increasing water‐saving by reducing TR_N. Furthermore, we detected pre‐dawn variation in TR_N that negatively correlated with local precipitation, indicating that a tighter circadian control is associated with adaptation to drought, consistently with a circadian resonance mechanism. These findings indicate that canopy conductance and TR_N are potentially beneficial to design drought‐tolerant barley germplasm adapted to different drought regimes taking place in the Middle‐East.     

云南芥菜型油菜资源品质及苗期耐旱性评价

为研究芥菜型油菜的耐旱性，对150份云南芥菜型油菜地方品种的品质及苗期不同干旱程度下植株地上 及地下部进行研究。结果表明，参试芥菜型油菜耐旱性总体表现较好，品质变异丰富，其中油酸、芥酸变异系数大 于1，依据品质性状参试品种大致聚为三类；中度及重度干旱均能显著影响油菜地上部及根系的生长，其中对根系 影响更大；各品质性状与耐旱性相关分析表明，中度干旱条件下，耐旱性与含油量及芥酸、花生烯酸2种极长链脂肪 酸呈显著正相关，与5种长链脂肪酸硬脂酸、棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸为显著负相关，而重度干旱条件下均不相 关，同一品种在不同程度干旱下其耐旱性有差别；含油量与极长链脂肪酸呈显著正相关，与长链脂肪酸及蛋白含量 呈显著负相关，极长链脂肪酸与长链脂肪酸间呈极显著负相关。共筛出8个综合耐旱性强的材料。     

不同发育阶段干旱胁迫对玉米株高、果穗性状及产量的影响

摘要：为研究同一品种不同发育阶段干旱胁迫对玉米植株高度、果穗性状以及产量的影响程度，设置全生育期供水充足、大田自然干旱、拔节期控水、抽雄期控水、拔节期控水-复水、抽雄期控水-复水6种处理的对比试验，用对比分析的方法比较不同处理下玉米的株高、果穗性状以及产量之间的差异。结果表明：干旱胁迫使玉米植株矮小，果穗长减小7.88%~54.55%，果穗粗减小14.58%~52.08%，秃尖长度增大66.67%~258.33%，百粒重减小0.99%~41.36%，单株产量减少15.03%~94.41%，最终导致减产23.57%~90.03%。不同发育阶段干旱胁迫对产量的影响差异显著，全生育期干旱最为严重，几乎无产量，拔节期次之，抽雄期干旱胁迫影响最小，复水后由于部分补偿了前期干旱胁迫所减少的生物量，果穗性状、百粒重均有好转，减产幅度减轻。     

接骨木无性系苗期对干旱胁迫响应及抗旱性综合评价

为揭示不同种接骨木无性系的抗旱性，探讨其对干旱环境的适应能力，为干旱瘠薄山地造林提供材料。采用盆栽法进行自然干旱胁迫试验，运用主成分分析对不同处理下各无性系生理指标进行综合评价。结果表明：干旱胁迫下，无性系PT-1的生物量增量最大，PT-2的根冠比最大。在干旱胁迫逐增情况下，细胞膜透性逐增，当干旱达到中、重度时，无性系PT-1和PT-2的细胞膜透性最小。叶绿素含量及超氧化物岐化酶活性均随干旱程度增加呈先增后降趋势。随干旱胁迫增加可溶性糖和脯氨酸均随之增大。在重度干旱胁迫下，无性系PT-1的可溶性糖含量最大。主成分分析得出，各无性系抗旱能力由强到弱为：XY-2、JY-1、XY-1、XY-3、PT-1、PT-3、PT-2。其中，XY-2、JY-1具有较强抗旱性，可初步作为抗旱材料进行后续研究。     

高温干旱复合胁迫对花生幼苗生理指标的影响

为探讨高温和干旱复合胁迫下的花生幼苗对逆境的响应机制，以抗逆性存在差异的花生品种豫花9719和豫花9326为试验材料，对其幼苗进行昼夜温度为45℃/25℃、土壤含水量为35%~40%左右的高温和干旱复合胁迫处理，研究复合胁迫对花生幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明：胁迫条件下，豫花9719的株高和干重分别比对照组低44.3%和30.2%，差异达极显著水平；含水量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、花青素的含量均低于对照，其中叶绿素a的含量低4.88%，差异达显著水平，花青素含量低18.14%，差异达极显著水平；PRI、PI、Gs、Pn值分别比其对照组低12%、50.31%、75.2%、72.3%，差异均达极显著水平；MDA含量和相对电导率分别比对照组高93.1%和29.93%，差异均达显著水平；可溶性蛋白和类黄酮含量分别比对照组高104.5%和41.00%，差异均达显著水平；SOD和CAT活性分别比对照组低0.91%和3.29%，差异不显著。豫花9326的株高比其对照组低33.6%，差异达极显著水平，干重降幅不显著；含水量、类胡萝卜素、花青素的含量均比对照组低，但差异均不显著；叶绿素a和叶绿素b的含量分别比对照组高19.44%和3.39%，其中叶绿素a差异达极显著水平； PRI、PI、Gs、Pn值均比对照低，差异均不显著；MDA含量和相对电导率均比对照组高，但差异均不显著；可溶性蛋白和类黄酮含量分别比对照组高271.33%和48.96%，差异均达极显著水平；SOD和CAT活性分别比对照组高70.11%和68.8%，增幅均达显著水平。推测豫花9326对高温和干旱复合胁迫的抗性较高，主要与其较为强大的抗氧化防御系统及光合系统有关。